The court has ruled both for and against Trump in his second term, but even the losses have given the administration fodder to continue harsh criticism of lower court judges.
The case raises broad constitutional questions about whether Congress can set up agencies that prevent the president from removing officials without cause.
The ruling said a judge can't block Trump’s plan nationwide but made it clear that people swept up must have a chance to challenge their seizures before they can be deported.
The court's decision not to intervene means most provisions of the law, including a ban on carrying concealed firearms in "sensitive places," remain in effect.